In Windows 10 and better, you can use Get-Volume to get volume IDs and other information about your drives:
PS> Get-Volume
DriveLetter FriendlyName FileSystemType DriveType HealthStatus OperationalStatus SizeRemaining Size
----------- ------------ -------------- --------- ------------ ----------------- ------------- ----
WINRETOOLS NTFS Fixed Healthy OK 315.58 MB 990 MB
C OS NTFS Fixed Healthy OK 154.79 GB 938.04 GB
Image NTFS Fixed Healthy OK 107.91 MB 12.8 GB
DELLSUPPORT NTFS Fixed Healthy OK 354.46 MB 1.28 GB
Note though that you will initially only see a fraction of available information. Pipe the data to Select-Object to see all information, including volume IDs:
Get-Volume | Select-Object -Property *
Here is an example:
PS> Get-Volume | Select-Object -Property DriveLetter, FileSystemLabel, Size, Path
DriveLetter FileSystemLabel Size Path
----------- --------------- ---- ----
WINRETOOLS 1038086144 \\?\Volume{733298ae-3d76-4f5f-acc4-50fdca0c6401}\
C OS 1007210721280 \\?\Volume{861c48b0-d434-48d3-995a-0573c1336eb7}\
Image 13739487232 \\?\Volume{9dc0ed9d-86fd-4cd5-9ed8-3249f57720ad}\
DELLSUPPORT 1371533312 \\?\Volume{b0f36c9e-2372-47f9-8b84-cdf65447c9c6}\
